Animal Testing For The Sake Of Cosmetics - 2007 Words

â€Å"According to the view that an animal s moral claim is equivalent to a moral right, any action that fails to treat the animal as a being with inherent worth would violate that animal s right and is thus morally objectionable (Gruen).† This quote relates to a serious matter in that the use of animals in the testing of cosmetics is inhumane. Animal testing for the sake of cosmetics is a cruel, unethical and an unnecessary method of practice. There is debate among the companies in this practice (as well some people who follow the opinion of these companies) and other people who stand for the rights of animals in such practices and what end it serves. The first step to eliminate animal testing is to look what animal testing is. While the name can give one a decent idea of what it entails, the details are where the deep understanding of why it is such a hot button topic for debate is found. In the field of science and animal testing, animals go through variations of tests. One of the four common tests check if the product irritates skin and eyes. This test involves either shaving the animal to have a bare area, where the product is applied, to test for skin irritation. This irritation may develop anything from a rash to open sores and bleeding. If drops are being tested, then they are placed in the eye of an animal with the eyes held open manually by instruments to test for irritation or blindness without allowing the product to be rubbed or blinked away. Another test is whereShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Proposal Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesMillions of animals are being unneedlessly tested on for cosmetics, even though there are plenty of alternatives available and most of the results are unreliable or not applicable to humans. Although the fight against animal testing has made huge progress recently, America has yet to stop this cruel practice and chooses to torture animals while other countries are making a stop to the testing (â€Å"Animal Testing 101†). Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are lockedRead MoreAnimals Is Inhumane, And Animal Testing853 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing along, testing on animals is inhumane, and animal testing, an unbearable act, is universally unwanted by all. Not just animal lovers peering in through the outside disapprove or have a disliking for the tests, but also those from within (and not just the animals) have a distaste for the tests too. Animal testing may hope to advance humans (and lifestyles), whilst preventing or delaying deaths and unnecessarily assuring a cosmetic’s safety, but (ironically) at the expense or reverse ofRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Prevalence1393 Words   |  6 Pagescruelty toward an animal and the angry or sad feelings associated with that image. The ASPCA and PETA commercials depicting abused and neglected animals are notorious. I do not see potential for the levels of inhumanity some express toward animals in any of you, but perhaps by buying from companies that support animal testing, an indirect contribution toward needless cruelty against animals takes place. III. Over the past few weeks, I have researched the ethics of animal testing and its prevalenceRead MoreMy Speech On Animal Abuse Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesImagine spending your entire life inside a laboratory where scientists stick cosmetic products in your eyes to test it for eye irritancy. Imagine being forced to breathe smoke for up to six hours straight, every day, for as long as three years. You are not being fed, you cannot drink, you get deprived of sleep. They isolate you and amputate you. They implant electrodes on your brain to manipulate it. They sew your eyes shut, force you to do drugs and place you in a cage with electrified floor barsRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing Ethics646 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Testing Ethics Is animal testing right or wrong? No one has really answered that so far. Everyone has their own opinion about it. I personally think that if we are not abusing the testing it should be allowed. I dont think it is necessary to test animals for every little thing that goes on the market but sure why not when it relates to a life or death thing like cancer. How else would we make sure the medications wouldn’t kill us? Safety tests are conductedRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1136 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal experimentation is not the most accurate testing, just because some medicine and cosmetic product pass an animal test it doesn’t mean it has a beneficial effect on humans. Animal tests have evolved in many ways throughout history in negative and positive ways. A strong negative being that we are different from animals but not just animals we are also different from each other. There are many arguments that we humans wouldn’t be where we are today if it wasn’t for reliance on animal testingRead MoreAnimal Testing: A True Ethical Dilemma Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesis the life of a laboratory animal. Animal testing is the use of animals for scientific research purposes and experiments. It can be used for the findings of cures and medicines to testing new drugs, to understanding the behavioral psychology of the animals themselves. â€Å"Around fifty to one hundred million vertebrate animals, ranging from fish to primates, are used in experiments each year† (Lloyd). There are many different terms used to describe the research on animals but two main ideas. In vivoRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing1107 Words   |  5 Pageshumans use animals for testing each year. Animal testing is when the animals are put through something or injected to see how they react to what medical research they have been used for. Its impossible to know exactly how many animals are being used in research because U.S. laws do not require scientists to report how many mice, rats, or birds they use, but it’s estimated that 90% of lab animals are mice and rats. It’s crucial that everyone know why animals should not be used for testing of harmfulRead MoreIs The Most Selfish Species On Other Human Beings?1578 Words   |  7 Pagesextinction. Some for fun, some for money and some just because. Animals are very reserved and just like to do their o wn thing. They mind their business and don’t try to pry into other’s business. Now I’m not saying that exploring is a bad thing. But what I want to get across is that we shouldn’t have to cut open and test these poor creatures that have done nothing but mind their business and keeps the cycle going. We use all kinds of animals to test out everything that we want to use. But why don’t weRead More The Cruelty of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cruelty of Animal Testing and the Need for Alternative Methods In his book Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals, Dr. Michael W. Fox estimates that twenty-five to thirty-five million animals are used in the United States each year for laboratory testing and research (58). Research involving tests done on animals is unnecessary and cruel. More humane methods of research need to be employed. Fox states that animal tests on cosmetics and household products are nothing

Romantic Relationships - 1786 Words

Relationship Satisfaction among XU college students who are in a Romantic Relationship Echem, Andrea Ines A. Lomadilla, Muriel E. andrea_echem@yahoo.com muriellomadilla@yahoo.com Montero, Precious Jihan B. Pabelonio, Beia Lyka B. preciousjihan@yahoo.com.ph beialyka24@yahoo.com Rationale College counselors report that a real reason that students look for counseling service is because of having problems with their partners (Creasey, Kershaw, Boston, 1999). The negative feelings connected with these grievances may trigger solid anxiety reactions, respect toward oneself issues, scholastic challenges and viciousness inside the relationship (Creasey Hesson-Mcinnus, 2001, p.85).†¦show more content†¦A 7-item instrument intended to measure the respondent’s relationship satisfaction. The RAS has a decent inward consistency, with an alpha of .86. No information on stability were accounted for. After opposite scoring, items 4 and 7, items are summed for a total score (A= 1, E= 5). Scores can run from 7 (low satisfaction) to 35 (high satisfaction). The RAS has great simultaneous legitimacy, with critical associations with various subscales of the adoration disposition scale and Dyadic Adjustment Scale. The RAS additionally has great predictive legitimacy, altogether recognizing couples who in this manner stay together or split up. This measure was intended to be a concise, effortlessly managed and scored measure of satisfaction in a romantic relationship. It is not restricted to conjugal relationships, and could be utilized to give a clinician a decent gauge of relationship satisfaction that is more educational than a single thing. (Susan S. Hendrick, 1988) Procedure The researchers went to eight (8) P.E classes and four (4) Filipino classes and the researchers asked the class professor to conduct their survey, in return the researchers gave the professor and the students gave tokens of gratitude. Data Analysis Three forms of data analyses were used to analyze the dataset: frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation and T-test. Frequency distribution showed a summarized grouping of data divided into mutually exclusive classesShow MoreRelatedThe Common Romantic Relationship Relationships1243 Words   |  5 Pagesare involved in a romantic relationship or will be eventually. The most common romantic relationship includes the sexual dating relationship, the domestic partnership, and the marriage. The adults or partners involved in these relationships inevitably reach a point of conflict and how they react to the conflict can show whether the partners are a securely, avoidant, or anxious attached person. The securely attached adults usually have a positive view when dealing with relationship issues. Whereas,Read MoreRomantic Relationships : The Romantic Construal Model941 Words   |  4 PagesThought Paper After reading the chapter â€Å"Romantic Communication in Intimate Relationships: The Romantic Construal Model†, I was left with a lot of new knowledge. The Romantic Construal Model, which identifies how people judge romantic acts via personalization, specialness and conveyed value, is something that I had never heard of before and enjoyed learning about, but like with any new concept I was left with lots of questions as well as relations to other things I have previously learned. For thisRead MoreConflict in Romantic Relationship1710 Words   |  7 PagesGeorgia Perimeter Conflict in romantic relationship Conflicts in romantic relationship Conflicts occur in our relationship when we find dissimilarities in our opinion. It is very natural that disagreements come to the relationships, and conflicts occur. There are no interpersonal relationships without conflicts (Wood 230). Conflicts may also come in romantic relationships. Now, what is romantic relationship? As Wood says, self-concept, proximity, and similarity are the three main thingsRead MoreComparison Of Romantic Relationships735 Words   |  3 PagesM. (2012). Comparisons of close relationships: An evaluation of relationship quality and patterns of attachment to parents, friends, and romantic partners in young adults. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 44(4), 245-256. doi:10.1037/a0028013 The article explains how the study was being investigate with parents participating relationship quality and attachment patterns in relationships to friends and romantic partners to test two competing modelsRead MoreConflicts in Romantic Relationships2775 Words   |  12 PagesCONFLICT IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS As long as people have gotten romantically involved with one another, there has been conflict within those relationships. Some people argue that conflict is bad for the relationship and will ultimately lead to the demise of that relationship. Others argue that the conflict is good for the relationship and will help it to flourish. Conflict can be both positive and negative for a relationship. It can both help and hinder the relationship. No matterRead MoreThe Model Of Romantic Relationships942 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Relationships can be complicated and often times identifying where a couple is at on a relationship continuum is challenging. The ABCDE model of romantic relationships explains the process of how a relationship develops over time and provides one with additional understanding. The A stands for attraction, B for the building of a relationship, C for the continuation, D for the deterioration, and E signifying the end (Nevid, Rathus, Rathus, 2014). Within this paper, this writer willRead MoreRelationship Between Platonic And Romantic Relationships1477 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork of platonic and romantic relationships. Extra-familial relationships become more central in an individual’s social world; thus, an individual’s capacity for intimate relationships begins to develop with both friends and romantic partners (Allen Land, 1999). Simultaneously, a romantic partner quickly becomes the focus in one’s relationship hierarchy (Collins van Dulmen, 20006). Each emerging adult’s relationship quality as well as their attachment bond with their romantic partners constitutesRead MoreRelationship Between Love And Romantic Relationships Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pages Love Romantic Relationships According to the dictionary , the word â€Å"relationship† is defined a particular type of connection existing between people related to or having dealing with each other. There are many times of ways to make a relationship last. According to the dictionary love is an intense feeling of deep affection. Love, trust, and communication are the three most important attributes in my eyes. Relationships between friends, family, and couples should be the lasting ones, and inRead MoreRelational Theory Of Romantic Relationships1336 Words   |  6 Pagessituation that has been brought to the attention of many relational theorists. Studies have shown romantic relationships are challenged and go through various stages of relational maintenance that may not always be positive. However, the conceptualization of negativity in romantic relationships is often dismissed. As a society, there has been the glorification of love and how romantic relationships should play out. Whether it is throug h the representations featured in literature, film, music or otherRead MoreEssay on Communication in Romantic Relationships1114 Words   |  5 PagesFriendships and romantic relationships makes our lives go round. Without them our lives would be dull and lonely. Unlike family members, we are allowed to choose our friends and lovers. There are various levels of friendships and diverse forms of romantic relationships, and they can all lead to being close, intimate, and loving. Both friendships and romances considerably enrich the well-being of our physical and mental state. Friendships can lead to romantic relationships, and romantic relationships can lead

Quantitative Approaches to Decision Making †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Quantitative Approaches to Decision Making. Answer: Introduction: I have attended decision making meeting in Conroy manufacturing company at strategic and operational level. This meeting is conducted on the monthly basis within an organization. In the strategic decision meeting, three non-management persons are participated such as vice chairman, secretary, and chairman. Further, in the operational decision making, managing partner, marketing, head finance, and operations is participated. Moreover, it is also addressed that both strategic and operational decision meeting can be effective to improve the productivity of company in long-term (Ferrell, et al., 2015). Strategic Meeting: The strategic meetings are focused towards long-term strategic goals of the organization. In the strategic meeting, the company discussed about the franchisee and revoking license of the organization. The strategic objectives of the organization are developed as a part of two to four year plan which identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the organization and set out expectations so that the organization can achieve its mission and vision. In the strategic meeting, the company discussed the issue of franchising. It is a strategic issue as the company has to evaluate different options in related to the business option and choose the best fit approach so that the company can expand its overseas operations. Operational Meeting: In the operational meeting, the organization discussed about the daily, weekly and monthly project benchmarks. The operational objectives are a part of the strategic moves of the organization. The operational objectives are broken down from strategic objectives of the organization into workable tasks. The operational objectives of the organization are short-term and focused on the everyday time utilization and the asset allocation by the organization. The operational meeting dealt with how the organization will handle the day-to-day operations. Currently, the organization has to surrender its existing license for a specific production plant. The organization has to file a petition in front of the concerned authority to surrender its license. Nature of problems dealt with at each level and appropriate criteria to show whether they are tame or wicked It is analysed that at each level, different kinds of issues can influence the implementing franchisee and surrendering license. It is analysed that franchising is based on uniformity not a freedom but when franchisee buy a franchise of a corporation then they act as boss of company and control the operation as per their rules and avoid the franchise rules. It is an issue for managers which create complexities to make decision within an organisation. Moreover, licence can be surrendered by franchise in case franchisee fails to offer services and products that are required to sever the people convenience and necessary for city. It can be also surrendered in case franchisee delivers the bad quality products and services to the customers (Pettigrew, 2014). There are several issues in the strategic decision of franchising for the organization as the company has to select the most optimal method for the expansion process. The selection of franchisee is also critical as the companies which aligns with the business culture and operations of the organization. It can be critiqued that the current is a tame problem. These types of problems can be solved by the implementation of proper problem-solving algorithm. For avoiding these issues, company should make an effective plan in the context of the franchise application. Along with this, an organization should focus on the quality of goods and services to solve the issues. Further, Conroy manufacturing company can use digital marketing techniques for satisfying a large number of customers need and improving the service performance systematically. The company can follow the standard protocol and surrender its existing licenses (Goodwin, et al., 2014). It is also a tame problem as the company can follow the protocol and surrender its existing license to the government. Conroy manufacturing company should use the decision-making techniques to solve issues. These issues are breaching rule of franchise and revoking the licencing of franchisee. The head of the company can make a decision in favor of franchise by using the decision-making tools. In Conroy Manufacturing Company, the main head can imply SMART decision-making tool to find out both level of issues such as strategic and operational. Conroy Manufacturing Company can considered four factors in the decision making like identification of the problem, criteria definition, and alternative evaluation and generation, and implementation (Hartman, et al., 2014). For using the qualitative approach, management can consider different factors to identify the issues of franchise and revoking licence. These factors are disused as below: The management team of Conroy Manufacturing Company can systematically review the organizational procedure and evaluate the aim of organizational business to addresses that franchisees has used the rule of franchise or not. It can also identify that franchisee has delivered the quality services and products to customers or not. Additionally, it can be said that this, this process is conducted by getting feedback from customers (Solomon, 2014). Criteria Definition After the determination of franchisee and revoking licence issue, an organization is needed to identify the operational process of business in systematic manner. In addition, the appropriate decision and proper judgment can be a vital methodology to avoid these issues. After identification of the problem, organization and management team can develop an alternative strategy, which will be effective to operate business and making decision regarding franchise and revoking licence of franchisees. The estimation of alternative strategy supports to avoid the issues (Goetsch, et al., 2014). Implementation In this step, Conroy Manufacturing Company implies collected data into the business activity to perform business operation such using quality products and services in an organisation as per the customers needs. The managers and leader of a company can also execute the alternative strategies systematically in a business process to avoid the identified issues (Barlett, 2016). Quantitative approach For identifying the problem, management can use the quantitative approach. It is discussed as below: Strategic Decision related to Franchise Criteria Measure Weight (1-10) Amount 6 Cost value 7 Consumer friendly 9 Performance ambitious 9 Structural alteration 8 Revenue improvement 8 Assessment alternative Alternative Price Cost effective User friendly Performance driven Structural modification Revenue enhancement Renewal 5 4 7 8 7 9 Internal development 1 5 7 9 7 9 Alliance/Partnership 7 5 7 7 5 9 Cumulative assessment alternative Alternative Price Cost effective User friendly Performance driven Structural modification Revenue enhancement total Renewal 30 28 63 72 56 72 321 Internal Development 6 35 63 81 56 72 315 Alliance/Partnership 42 35 63 81 56 72 313 Operational Decision on Customer service Criteria definition and weighting Criterion Weight (1-10) Employee attitude 7 Flexibility 5 Standard delivery 6 Corporate safety 5 Revenue generation. 7 Assessment alternative Alternative Attitude Flexibility Standard Delivery Corporate Safety Revenue generation. In-house training 5 3 7 9 5 On-line training 5 7 7 7 7 Out sourcing 4 5 7 3 9 Cumulative Assessment alternative Alternative Attitude Flexibility Standard Delivery Corporate Safety Revenue Generation Total. In- house training 35 15 45 45 35 172 On-line training 35 35 42 35 49 196 Out sourcing 28 25 42 15 63 173 On behalf of the above data, it is analyzed that strategic business decision is based on the franchise and revoking of license issue. As per the above table, it can be stated that franchise can identify the consumer's service issues in an organization and surrendered the license in case of bad service quality. The operational business decision is taken through quantitative approaches. These approaches can support to Conroy Manufacturing Company to collect valid data by using both instinctive and mathematical method (Sharma, et al., 2014). For identifying individuals wicked issue, Conroy Manufacturing Company can use qualitative approach through experience and expertise as it would be beneficial to obtain the favorable outcome and business success. In addition, it can also be said that the quantitative approach can also be used by Conroy Manufacturing Company to get reliable result from customers. It is also addressed that the direct experience is not considered in the quantitative approach because this method is based on reliability and logic wherein an objective based decision is possible (Anderson, et al., 2015). Final Evaluation of Approaches and its effectiveness Conroy Manufacturing Company should make unmistakable and clear problem statement because it could be effective to determine the franchise and revoking licence issue in depth. It could be identified by using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Qualitative approach is used to getting feedback regarding issues from experts and quantitative approach is used to collect the feedback from customers regarding products and services. On behalf of Williams, it is explained that the decision should be based on rationality. At the same time, the decision maker can visibly and distinctly understand the problem and collect data in the context of the decision situation. In addition, Williamss problem-solving obedience demonstrated that the strategic and operational goal of Conroy Manufacturing Company can be different from each other therefore they cannot affect the decision-making process. As a result, the decision makers of an organization can aware of the possible result. There are dif ferent types of factors that are considered by company in the decision making of solving revoking licence of franchisee issue such as cost-effectiveness, franchise price, standard modification, performance-driven, internal development, flexibility, and standard delivery (Kaner, 2014). Other factors are partnership, alliance, user-friendliness, corporate safety, online training, in-housing training and development, outsourcing, and revenue generation. Moreover, it is also addressed that management can make an effective decision and improve their financial condition (Beach, 2014). There are some different types of limitation that can be faced by the decision makers of Conroy Manufacturing Company at the time of decision making regarding franchise and revoking license issue. The quantitative approach cannot be successful if a manager terminated, misjudges, and completely fail to accomplish their responsibility towards any specified goal of franchise. For example, overreliance on the fundamental benefit of numerous units like a device for doling out assets does not in charge of versatility. In addition, it is addressed that many top-producing parts like finance unit can be working in the peak productivity. It is also illustrated that if Conroy Manufacturing Company has more resources then it does not mean, it will obtain more profit. In case, the company has focused on the employees effort then it can improve their productivity (Beach, 2014). Employee Engagement The workforce in a corporation is prepared with a diverse set of working behavior and mentality that could be complicated for the administration to combine their effort for effective management. Beside this, it is also addressed that each individual of an organization has different interest and opinion, and views that can create conflict among employees for work together. It can direct impact on the productivity of Conroy Manufacturing Company. It is also addressed that some of the employees have complaints with other staff member that can be complicated for a leader to support their activities because it can influence the financial performance of the firm. Hence, an organization has needed to concentrate on employees activity and behavior so that they could contribute more in the accomplishment of organization goal (Shouzhen, et al., 2014). It can be recommended that the decision maker of Conroy Manufacturing Company should consider some recommendations to deal with the existing problems. The analysis of competitors can enhance the knowledge about the franchising issue in the organization. For business growth, a decision maker should be adaptive and attentive to take an appropriate decision. The business quality can be made by the upper level of management that can influence the other department of business. In addition, it is also found that Conroy Manufacturing Company should change the business decision-making process for sustaining in the market at long-term. The Conroy Manufacturing Company should also use both quantitative and qualitative approach to get a favorable result. The mixed approach can support a corporate to make an effective decision regarding franchise and revoking license issue consequently it can enhance the productivity of firm systematically (Kaner, 2014). References Ferrell, O. C., and Fraedrich, J. (2015)Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases, USA: Nelson Education. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014)The politics of organizational decision-making, UK: Rutledge. Goodwin, P., and Wright, G. (2014) Decision Analysis for Management Judgment 5th ed, USA: John Wiley and sons. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., and MacDonald, C. (2014) Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility, USA: New York: McGraw-Hill. Solomon, M. R. (2014) Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Goetsch, D. L., and Davis, S. B. (2014) Quality management for organizational excellence, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Barlett, P. F. (Ed.). (2016) Agricultural decision making: Anthropological contributions to rural development, Academic Press. Sharma, R., Mithas, S., and Kankanhalli, A. (2014) Transforming decision-making processes: a research agenda for understanding the impact of business analytics on organizations,European Journal of Information Systems,23(4), pp. 433-441. Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., and Cochran, J. J. (2015) An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making, USA: Cengage Learning. Kaner, S. (2014) Facilitator's guide to participatory decision-making, USA: John Wiley and Sons. Beach, L. R. (2014) Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective, USA: Psychology Press. Shouzhen, Z., Qifeng, W., Merig, J. M., and Tiejun, P. (2014) Induced intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted averaging: Weighted average operator and its application to business decision-making,Computer Science and Information Systems,11(2), pp. 839-857.

The Impression That I Have Gotten From The Latest Magazines And Websit

The impression that I have gotten from the latest magazines and websites about microchips is that the chip is definitely the mile stone in computer hardware. Computer chips make up our everyday lives enabling many of the things we use like coffee machines, microwaves, ATMs, and computers work and are reliable for use. These chips are no larger than a fingernail and are getting smaller every other year and are amazingly capable of holding over 1.5 million transistors. The computer chip's history is very short and many of us (including myself) do not remember a time when we were without integrated circuits. The things that we do remember are the advances and theories major companies, Professors, and engineers discover. The first computers used components called vacuum tubes. These vacuum tubes functioned as electronic switches. The tubes worked fine except that they were not reliable. Because of the big structure vacuum tubes would generate intense heat, which caused many of the components to deteriorate, and consumed enormous amounts of power. A smaller flow of electrons was sought after, and what they found were transistors. Transistors changed the way computers could and would be built. The integrated circuit was invented by Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, and independently by Robert Noyce of Fair Child Semi-conductor. Then integrated circuit, or chip, combined multiple transistors into a small silicon disc. This silicon chip was the backbone of the development of smaller systems. Computer chips have a phenomenal rate of performance over time and was considered as a revolutionary device. According to Moore's Law: The number of components in a single chip doubles every two years. Computers have since become cheaper and their capabilities have increased exponentially over time. HOW IS A COMPUTER CHIP MADE? A Computer chip is a tiny piece of material, that contains a complex electronic circuit and are made by placing and removing thin layers of insulating conducting and semi-conducting materials in hundreds of steps. The bodies of most chips are made of silicon and are used because silicon is a semi-conductor. Clean rooms are special laboratories where a lot of the manufacturing process is performed. The components of a chip are so small that the tiniest dust particle could ruin a chip. These clean rooms are very sterile and are one thousand times cleaner than hospitals. People who work in these laboratories are required to wear bunny suits and use an air shower to remove any dust form the suits before entering these rooms. The first step in the manufacturing process involves melting the silicon crystals. After these crystals have reached its melting point seed crystals are carefully dipped into the melted silicon to form a cylindrical ingot five to ten inches in diameter and several feet long. This long ingot is then smoothed and cut into wafers. The manufacturing of these wafers can take from ten to thirty days. Each wafer forms the foundation for hundreds of chips. Engineers use a computer-aided circuit design program to design each layer of the chip. Depending on the amount of layers a chip may take a month to several work years to complete. A robot because of the use of dangerous chemicals does the next step. The robot polishes, sterilizes, and cleans the silicon wafer in a chemical bath. The wafers are then placed in a diffusion oven where they are coated with photo resist. After the photo resist is applied, the wafers are put through a process called photolithography which patterns almost every layer into the shape of specific electronic components. An Ultra violet light projected through the glass mask prints each layers circuit pattern on the photo resist. The photo resist that is exposed to the light becomes hard while the photo resist covered by the chip remains soft. Channels in these layers of materials are then etched off. The soft photo resist and some of the surface materials are etched away with hot gases, leaving circuit pathways. This step is repeated with each layer of the chip. Manufacturers add certain impurities to the silicon chips like Boron and Phosphorus to enable the chips to conduct electricity at room temperature. The doped regions form the electronic components, which will be able to conduct electricity. Some chips contain millions of components.