Life & Work of Dr. Maria Montessori Essay

Birth & Family: Montessori was born in Ancona, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, 33 years old at the time, was an official of the Ministry of Finance. Her mother, Renilde Stoppani, 25 years old, was well educated for the times and was probably related to Italian geologist and paleontologist. While she did not have any particular mentor, she was very close to her mother who readily encouraged her. She also had a loving relationship with her father, although he disagreed with her choice to continue her education. Education: Maria herself proved remarkably talented. She was a confident and strong-minded lady who excelled in school by the role of leader in different games and conversations. At the age of thirteen she got admission in a technical school, a thing considered off-limits to females at that time. She scored high marks that when she graduated, in 1886; she was able to enter in the Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci. Here she studied math, natural sciences, and languages, again excelling beyond all expectations. It was here too that she became fascinated with the biological sciences, and began to dream of pursuing a career in medicine. Despite her gender, she was allowed to study medicine. When she presented her thesis in 1896, her absolute brilliance so impressed the all-male board of review that they awarded her a medical degree, making her Italy’s first woman doctor. After this accomplishment she was promoted to surgical assistant at Santo Spirito, where she had worked previously as medical assistant. As a physician, Montessori specialized in pediatrics and the new field of psychiatry. She continued research at the University of Rome, joining the university staff in 1897. She became interested in psychology and human behavior, and in 1900, at the elapse of just a short span of four years after her degree in medicine, she accepted a professorship in anthropology at the University of Rome. Work of Dr. Maria Montessori: After accepting a professorship in anthropology, Montessori researched & worked on so-called â€Å"phrenasthenic† children—in modern terms, children experiencing some form of mental retardation, illness, or disability. She also began to travel, study, speak, and publish nationally and internationally, coming to prominence as an advocate for women’s rights and education for mentally disabled children. In Rome during this time, children who were considered mentally deficient were sending in asylums. Montessori’s early observations of these asylum children formed a crucial element of her theory that would later influence many people. She observed children who use to crawl on the floor to grab crumbs of bread after mealtime and realized that â€Å"not all children developed through phases of life in the same way.† Her initial focus was to rehabilitate mentally retarded children, with behavioral problems, orphans, and the desperately poor. Montessori’s early efforts were so surprisingly successful that she soon had a large following, not only of parents desperate for her help, but of teachers desperate to learn her methods. Montessori was much influenced by the earlier work on child development and psychology, in particular research conducted by Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin. Their experiments & research were a source of inspiration for Montessori who believed that â€Å"mental deficiency presented chiefly a pedagogical, rather than mainly a medical problem†. Satisfied with the fact that so-called â€Å"mentally deficient† children could learn the same things as normal children, sometimes at a faster pace or by attaining a higher mastery level, Montessori began to focus on working directly with normal children in the field of education. The opportunity to work with normal children came to her in 1907, when she was offered the position of a medical director for a day-care center that was being organized for working-class children who were too young to attend public schools. Casa Dei Bambini (House of Children) The 1st day-care center, named Casa dei Bambini (House of Children) was located in the worst slum district San Lorenzo in Rome on January 6, 1907, & the conditions Montessori faced were atrocious. Its purpose was to provide a space for pre-school age children who were damaging and destroying the houses while their parents were at work. Montessori believed in taking the time to learn from the children, as she herself learned through her observations of the children in the asylums. As Montessori herself wrote, â€Å"I merely wanted to study the children’s reactions. I asked not to interfere with them in any way as otherwise I would not be able to observe them.† Montessori surprised when she saw children’s lack of interest in the toys or the drawing materials and their keen interest in the educational materials. Each educational material had some carefully planned objective that was pre-determined by Montessori. â€Å"Liberty of the pupil† was fundamental met hod according to her. The spread of Montessori education in Italy The first Casa dei Bambini was a success, and a second was opened on April 7, 1907. The children in her programs continued to exhibit concentration, attention, and spontaneous self-discipline and the classrooms began to attract the attention of prominent educators, journalists, and public figures. Three more Case dei Bambini opened in 1908, and in 1909 Italian Switzerland began to replace Froebellian methods with Montessori in orphanages and kindergartens. International Recognition and Growth of Montessori Education As early as 1909, Montessori’s work began to attract the attention of international observers and visitors. Her work was widely published internationally, and spread rapidly. By the end of 1911, Montessori education had been officially adopted in public schools in Italy and Switzerland, and was planned for the United Kingdom. By 1912, Montessori schools had opened in Paris and many other Western European cities, and were planned for Argentina, Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, Syria, the United States, and New Zealand. Public programs in London, Johannesburg, Rome, and Stockholm had adopted the method in their school systems. Montessori societies were founded in the United States as AMI (the Montessori American Committee) and the United Kingdom (the Montessori Society for the United Kingdom). Maria Montessori’s writings were also being translated to different languages. She was continually giving lectures around the world where she is always welcomed. She also continued her research and application of her principles to school aged and preschool aged children as well as infants from birth. Her research about the child’s early years is written in â€Å"Absorbent Mind† (1949). Alternatively she also took notice of the social possibilities based on the idea that â€Å"true education is an armament of peace†. In 1939 she flew to India where she met Mahatma Gandhi. In 1949 she addressed UNESCO where she received an ovation. She was honored with the Legione d’Honneur and received an honorary of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Amsterdam. Awards and Recognition: Montessori truly deserved and referred to as a lady much ahead of her time. She was a true pioneer of a modern education system. She was honored by many countries with royal, civic and academic awards and was nominated three times for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1949, 1950 and 1951. Regarding her work and efforts in educational sector her picture was on Italian 200 lire coin and in 1990 on the 1000 lire bill. Montessori’s Death: Maria Montessori died in the Netherlands on May 6, 1952 aged 81. Her name always lives through the method of teaching that she introduced because she said once that, â€Å"I did not invent a method of education, I simply gave some little children a chance to live†. She was truly a woman ahead of her time.

Child Development Not Following Expected Pattern

UNDERSTAND CHILD AND YOUNG PERSONS DEVELOPMENT Unit 022 Outcome 3 Understand how to monitor children and young people’s development and interventions that should take place if this is not following the expected pattern 2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern There are many reasons and factors why a child is not following the expected pattern of development. For example the child may be emotionally unsettled due to a number of reasons. Family life plays a significant part in a child’s development.If for instance the child is living with parents who constantly argue and fight this will have an effect on the child and cause stress. Also if the child is from a one parent family there may be difficulties as a parent trying to juggle everything on their own may not have as much time to spend nurturing and boosting a child’s development. The child may be at a disadvantage environmentally due to poor ho using or area in which they live. If a house is poorly heated the child may experience bad health due to dampness. Or the child may be living in cramp conditions and unable to play and explore so easily.Not so well off families may be living in poorer areas with little access to amenities which can cause stress to parents which will affect the child’s development. Some children have a poor diet and this can affect their growth and thus affect the physical side of development. There have been many studies on diet and its effects and results have shown that a child who has a nutritious and healthy diet achieves more in life. It is difficult for a family on a low income to promote a healthy diet for their child and thus can result in poorer health and physical issues.Also some children’s genetic code may affect the pattern in which they develop. This could mean that they are slower to develop but no reason is found. There are also cultural issues that may affect a childâ €™s development. Families differ from one to another and the way a child is brought up will also differ from one to another. What one family may deem to be ok another would disagree. For example one family may allow their child more freedom and let them play outside in the street whereas another would keep the child in the confines of the garden only.This is also true in the case of an older child for instance a teenager. One may be allowed the independence and freedom of coming in late and another is not. All these decisions made by parents and carers can affect their child’s development. A child may be prevented from developing by a disability. This may also affect the child in several areas of development. A child with a physical disability may not have much movement and will be unable to join in with outdoor games and sports.However with the right support and equipment the child will be able to participate so early intervention is vital for the child’s physical and emotional wellbeing. 2 There are many reasons why a child may have learning difficulties. The child may have had difficulties at birth or the problems may be genetic. Having a learning difficulty will affect development in a child. The child may need one to one help with reading, writing and arithmetic and support with other activities. Such children may find it hard to interact with other children and may also develop low self-esteem as they struggle academically.The level of a child’s communication skills can have an effect on most areas of development. If a child is struggling with communication and language they may get upset easily and start behaving negatively. This will cause the child to get frustrated and unable to complete tasks set for them. Lack of concentration in certain activities may be a problem too leaving the child unable to take in the information needed to finish the school work. For the child to read and write good communication skills are also need ed.

Boeing 737

PRANSAC ASSIGNMENT 1 ‘Using the B737 as an aircraft type, you are required to research on the inventions and Innovations that have made this particular aircraft impact the development of Commercial airplane. ’ Boeing 737 Introduction A. Aircraft The Boeing B737 is a short to medium wide range narrow body twin-engine body jet airliner. Originally designed in 1964, initially had its first maiden voyage in 1967 and joined into professional service in 1968. B. Company Boeing had been the number one professional plane company.This company controls 60% of a competitive commercial market and its professional aircraft goods and services account for more than 70% of Boeing's income. Boeing's products symbolize a complete family of jetliners in the variety of travellers and freight adjustments and wide ranging abilities. The B737 has developed different series such as B737 Original, B737 Classic, B737 New Generation, and the newest series 737 MAX. The Boeing 737 is the best-sellin g jetliner in aviation history. A. Idea In 1958 Boeing had a design research for â€Å"A twin engine feeder airliner to complete the family of Boeing passenger jets†.In Feb 1965 the first purchase was placed and the project went ahead. The 737 has since become the best-selling professional planes in planes record with more than 5,900 purchases from 225 clients so far. < Chris Brady. 1999. > B. Design Boeing wanted to design a real short-haul jet to compete with its competitors like the Caravelle, BAC One-Eleven & DC-9. However they are way behind them. The DC-9 was about to fly, the One-Eleven was well into its flight test program and the Caravelle had been in service for 5 years.They had some catching up to do. Designers Joseph Sutter and Jack Steiner began work on the 737 in November 1964. The original 1964 specification was for a capacity of about 60-85 passengers, an economical operating range of between 100 and 1000 miles and to be able to stay equal at a 35% load factor . As a result of final design talks with launch customer Lufthansa the capacity was increased to 100, but the range and load factor figures still remains the same. < Chris Brady. 1999. > Invention/Innovation of the aircraft A. Placing the Engines i.Wing Mounted Engines The wing mounted engines provided the key benefits of decreased interference drag, a better C of G position, less noisy cabin, more useful cabin space at the back, front & aft side doors, easier access to engines for servicing and required less pipework for fuel & bleed. The bodyweight of the engine also provides twisting comfort from the rise of the wings. Apparently this benefit was over-estimated and a set of wings were unsuccessful in static tests at 95% of max load so the side had to be remodelled. ii. DisadvantageThe disadvantage of wing-mounted engines was that the size of the fin had to be increased for engine-out operation over centerline thrust aircraft. Also, due to the reduced ground clearance, the engines had to be almost an essential part of the wing, which in turn using a short chord. The engines extended both forward and aft of the wing to reduce aerodynamic interference and straighter top line of the nacelle formed a streamline flow over the wing to further reduce drag. iii. Advantage Overall, the wing-mounted layout had a weight saving of 700Kgs over the equivalent â€Å"T-tail† design and had performance advantages. v. Thrust Reversers Thrust reversers were taken from B727 were found to be inefficient when used by the B737. Therefore B737’s thrust reversers were greatly improved, allowing the aircraft to land on shorter airstrips. B. Type Of engine The CFM56-3B-1 turbofan engine was chosen to power the aircraft, which yielded significant gains in fuel economy and a reduction in noise, but also posed an engineering challenge given the low ground clearance of the 737 and the larger diameter of the engine over the original Pratt and Whitney engines which were used f or the earlier models such as the -100 and the -200.However, overtime noise became an issue and many users opted for an alternative engine. As a result, Boeing and engine supplier CMFI solved the problem by placing the engine ahead of the wing, and by moving engine accessories to the sides of the engine pod, giving the engine a distinctive non-circular air intake. C. Fuselage The B737’s fuselage was especially one of its best-selling points. Its cross-section had been taken from the B727. v. More Space, more passengers This made the B737 to hold 6 wide abreast seats, because this way it could take more passengers per load on board than its competitors.In the B737 Classic series and the B737 Next Generation Series, the fuselage was lengthened to fulfil the demand for space in the aircraft and also help Boeing sustain its competitiveness in the aviation industry. vi. Even More Space, more passengers In the B737 Original series, the fuselage was only able to contain a highest po ssible of 130 passengers in 737-200 while the B737 Classic series were improved and enhanced to provide for bigger and more economical aircraft. As such, the aircraft’s fuselage was prolonged to allow about 170 passengers on board. vii. B737 Next GenerationThe B737 Next Generation series had even more changes to its uses. In commercial flying, the airplane’s fuselage was prolonged to allow a highest possible of 215 passengers on board. The B737 Next Generation also had its own business jet, BBJ1 and BBJ2 series and military aircraft, C-40 and AEW&C, series. The BBJ was regularly used by personal jet entrepreneurs, and organizations, because of its small dimension and fuel efficiency. The military series of the B737 encompass the AEW&C that is used for monitoring and radar operations, and the C-40, P-8 Poseidon, which assisted in military operations.D. Wings Changes had been made to the wings and the flight controls of the B737. Many improvements result in greater perfo rmance of the aircraft by generating more lift, increase in fuel efficiency, and reduce drag while most importantly being more economical. i. Wings Extended The B737-100 and B737-200 created too much drag for the aircraft, making it very costly to fly. Thus, the front flaps of the wings were extended towards the fuselage, providing greater lift and shorten the distance for the aircraft required to take off. The wing’s leading edge and span were also extended.This is because when the leading edge is being extended, the upper camber will be pushed forward towards the leading edge and thus makes the air flow on the upper camber have a higher airspeed and as a result create more lift, due to the decrease in static pressure. ii. Composite Material The B737’s flight controls were mostly made of composite material instead of aluminium alloy to reduce the weight of the aircraft. To generate more lift and greater performance during cruising iii. Winglets Winglets were added fro m the B737-700 model onwards and the B737-300. Winglets reduce induced drag caused by the vortex on the wingtips. v. Fly-by-wire system control In the B737 MAX, it has integrated the new fly-by-wire system control to allow for more efficient performance of the aircraft. Fly-by-wire (FBW) is a system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires. The fly-by-wire system also allows automatic signals sent by the aircraft's computers to perform functions without the pilot's input, as in systems that automatically help stabilize the aircraft. v. ConclusionThus the B737 is able to generate more lift and reduce drag on the aircraft. Therefore the B737 is able to move faster and increase on fuel efficiency, reducing cost and fuel. Allowing Boeing to have a greater advantage in the competitive Aviation Industry. Conclusion Over the years, Invention an d Innovation of the aircraft such as the fuselage, wing, engine, and nacelles, the B737 was able to have a sustainable growth. This allowed Boeing to stay ahead of its competitors. These results in having more Boeing planes chosen by airlines compared to other domestic carriers.Currently Boeing faces significant competition from their rival Airbus A320. While trying hard not to lose out, Boeing made improvements such as the new B737 Max series, which combines the use of more high-tech devices to help Boeing compete with the Airbus bus latest series, the A320 Neo. However the B737 MAX is only due in 2017 and it is in its last levels of examining. As such, this gives Boeing the time to enhance and completely improve the abilities of the B737 MAX to help improve on its durability later on improvements. Deliveries are scheduled to begin in 2017. References Chris Brady. History & Development of the Boeing 737. †Ã‚  History & Development of the Boeing 737. N. p. , Sept. 1999. Web. 2 7 June 2012. . â€Å"Fly by Wire. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 June 2012. Web. 28 June 2012. . â€Å"Boeing 737 – American Flyers. † Boeing 737 – American Flyers. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 June 2012. . â€Å"Boeing 737RE. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 June 2012. Web. 28 June 2012. .

Categorical Imperative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Categorical Imperative - Essay Example One communicates that absolute basic is a movement, which is ethically ideal for a person in a particular circumstance if and just if the individual's explanation behind doing the activity is a reason that he or she would will to have each individual follow up on in and comparable circumstance. This definition uncovers the idea of universalizability – which is the background of categorical imperative. It can be characterized as activity being moral in the event that an individual would recognize thusly of choice and activity being appropriate as this conduct could turn into a universal law. Another definition says that categorical imperative is an activity, which is ethically ideal for a person in a sure circumstance: just if is performing the activity, the individual does not utilize others only to advance his or her own particular goals and interests, additionally both regards and builds up their ability to act freely for according to their choice. The starting definition gi ves cautious thought on universal law. The second proposes an individual being more philanthropic and kindhearted, and less egoistic. Both these angles are essential. I assume the worldview ought to be actualized broadly to raise individual and societal proper conduct. Considering Kant's categorical imperative paradigm, it is a need to check what may be if everybody acted like that. The deontological ethics' epitome is that a moral estimation of an action is self-sufficient of its outcomes; along these lines the choice is not directed by them really.

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Toyota Motor Corporation - Essay Example Capital is one of the key aspects examined here. The company profitability in 2011 has gone down and capital funding reduced. It has a large capital reserve .the first quarter has experienced a decrease of 17.2% in sales. This indicates future drops and forecast with the economic times. Debt to equity ratio is 0.69. This indicates that the company is more funded with equity than debts. Current ratio of is 1.0 in the past one year. This indicates that the company has liquidity value overall. There have not been significant changes in its shareholders equity within the first quarter. This indicates that the shareholders have not forsaken their duties in this company. Character is analyzed in terms of the willingness to repay the loan. A credit report is generated on Toyota’s borrowings, tax remittances, any court proceedings on default, past loaners, and overall honoring the debts. The length of the present debt is analyzed as well as the amount owed. Toyota is current paying a fine of $16.4 million for a recall suit. This has jeopardized the power leadership in the automobile industry. FICO scores of 300-800 are used and it is said, the higher the score the better the customer is worth. Collateral is the asset or guarantee placed that can be seized by the company in case the customer default in repayments. At Toyota, current assets and fixed assets stands at 28 387 556 yen a drop from last year’s value of 29 million yen.

Project management week4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project management week4 - Essay Example Perhaps the most important element of a communication plan is the audience, which receives and responds effectively to the message conveyed (Pritchard, 2014).   According to Taylor and Dow (2013), some critical audiences must be involved in effective communications plan in order for the message to gain wide acceptance. Pritchard (2014) states that the audiences vary greatly and they may include the project sponsor who is the main audience, professional groups, opinion leaders, employees, media, local community, and government. All the audiences differ greatly in opinion and they may respond variedly depending on their mood and the nature of the message in the communication plan (Ramsing, 2009). Essentially, the project sponsor, media, and the local community are the major stakeholders that will especially receive the full communication (Taylor & Dow, 2013). When it comes to the information that the audience will receive the project sponsor is entitled to full information including the confidential information while the local community ought to receive partially classified information (Tennyson & Ray, 2005). On the other hand, the media must only receive the general information to protect the project secrets. Concerning all the information, the communication plan will consist of verbal, written, and audio-visual information (Pritchard, 2014). It will apply to all the three groups of audiences, as comprehensively understand the info being communicated (Pritchard, 2014). The frequency with which the information will be shared will depend on the prevailing circumstances, as it will not be possible to gather all the stakeholders at once. Therefore, the project sponsor will receive the full copy of the communication plan while the public and the media will be kept updated daily (Ramsing, 2009). If the audiences do not receive the message effectively, then they will be separated into groups so that each group receives more attention

Theme Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theme Analysis - Research Paper Example She is referred to as a â€Å"debutante† and one who has â€Å"come of age†. This generally happens in high social circles. In other rare circumstances, age is of little consequence. One may refer to a person- young or old, has having â€Å"come of age† when he has surmounted a serious problem and emerged from it victorious. It is to be understood that chronological age does not really matter; it is the mature way the person handles the situation that counts. What is important is the ability to make a wise and sane decision that could change one’s life considerably and even forever. But that choice must be in one’s best interests. This situation, however, is rare and is more the exception than the rule. The Civil War in America left the Southerners swamped with difficulties as a result of the freeing of the slaves – the direst of which was economic in nature. There was much damage to life and property. All that could have contributed to economic recovery was in ruins – plantations, farms, buildings, the transportation system – everything, resulting from the emancipation of a million slaves. The family of Abner Snopes was no exception. Snopes earned the reputation of â€Å"barn burner† simply because he was just that – a barn burner. His younger boy, Sarty was a namesake of Colonel Sartorius Snopes, appears in court with his father who is accused of the aforesaid crime recently committed. The boy hopes he will not be interrogated for he would be forced to testify against his father who is, of course, guilty as alleged. Snopes is described as a wiry figure who was often dressed in a stiff black coat. His voice was cold and harsh, level and without emphasis – a brief but fitting description for a person addicted to crime – more specifically, arson and theft. It might be mentioned here that Sarty has inherited his father’s way of thinking – foremost being that people

Domestic Terrorism Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domestic Terrorism Past and Present - Essay Example Without the threat of violence, the act becomes a protest, not terrorism (ACLU, 2002). The definition of domestic terrorism is broad enough to "encompass the activities of several prominent activist campaigns and organizations" (ACLU, 2002, par. 3) such as environmentalists in Greenpeace and anti-abortionists in a group called Operation Rescue. These organizations tend to make their actions known, especially seeking media coverage, while other groups stay underground, performing violent acts but not openly taking credit for them. Political violence has existed throughout the world from the beginning of organized government. Those who are well known for their rebellious political actions in the 20th century are, for instance, Mao Tse-tung (1999), Ernesto "Che" Guevera (Dorfman, 1999), Carlos Marghella (Manual, 2007) and Frantz Fanon (2007). These revolutionaries were from China, Cuba, Brazil, and Martinique, respectively, and all were affiliated with Communism. These activists were labelled domestic terrorists within their own countries, but in the 21st century, domestic terrorists can be defined as those who infiltrate American space and use American transport conveyances to attack the United States with no concern for human life. Osama bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, the Taliban, and Jihad are blamed for the tragedy of 9/11/01, and their actions have initiated strict security controls throughout the U.S. The Internet has become a growing showcase for those who are convinced they have the answer to problems they a ttribute to Democracy, and all have a favourite dissident to follow. The overall aspect of terrorism is its politically motivated violence, and by addressing it as a police or security task in America, it has simply driven some targeted U.S. groups underground. It has been evident that military strategy does not work with political and religious extremist groups because, as noted by psychologist Jerome M. Post, "Terrorists whose only sense of significance comes from being terrorists cannot be forced to give up terrorism for to do so would be to lose their very reason for being." (How Terrorist Groups End, 1999). According to Vohryzek-Bolden, "right wing domestic terrorism will prevail well into the 21st century." Ecological resistance groups, anti-environmental movements, animal rights groups, and anti-abortion activists are offshoots of prior ideology in which violence is justified in the name of social right. Much of domestic counter-terrorism in the U.S. is militia-watching. There are two kinds of militia-those acting above ground and those below ground. They share the same right-wing ideology although structures and recruitment methods might be different. They both fear losing constitutional rights (Sunde & Shukovsky, 2001) while believing themselves superior. Examples of domestic terrorism in the past can be attributed to the Ku Klux Klan, Confederate Civil War veterans who had no compunction against practising violence, burning down black churches and lynching black citizens. In this century, gays and lesbians are targeted with the same belief that they do not have rights in American society. Anti-abortionists have the same ideology, believing they have a right to burn down clinics without regard for human life, even as they are saying that this is being done to save human life, an excuse that makes little sense.  Ã‚  

Essay about Karma Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About Karma - Essay Example Nowadays, some people believe in karma, some don’t but I think the principle of karma is very fair and makes sense. Imagine how great it would be if all our actions and thoughts would influence our karma and then our life. It would certainly make the world a better place. I don’t know for sure, just as nobody else, if karma exists but I’d like to think it does. Let’s have a look at how it works in real life. There was this hockey game, Chicago was playing against Colorado. During the game one of the players wanted to hit the puck but missed and accidentally hit a player. The player got injured in the nose and as he was leaving the ice to get some help, one of the fans started making fun of his injury and calling him names. The player didn’t say anything and just left the rink. Several minutes after that one of the players did a bad hit on the puck and it accidentally flew over the glass fence that separates the spectators from players and hit one of the fans on the head. The funniest thing is that it was the same guy who was making fun of the player several minutes before that. The player then approached the fan and told him something. The fan probably learnt this lesson as he was laughing at himself at the end of the game. Some people might say that it was an accident and that these two injuries have no connection between them but I think that this situation shows us that being mean to people around you might in the end have negative effect on you. After all when you start thinking about it there is a lot of real life examples that prove this point, there is even a saying from the Bible that those you come with the sword will be killed with the same sword. What goes around comes around. You can call it karma or any other word you like but there is a system of justice in the world and sooner or later everyone gets what he deserves. That is why you should be good and kind with other people if you

Globalization and Business Complexities Dissertation

Globalization and Business Complexities - Dissertation Example Methods, results, and their implications for business are discussed. Recommendations for future research are provided. Globalization and Business: Analyzing Complexities Introduction The process of globalization is actively discussed by different scholars and has not only many supporters but also many opponents. But before discussing its positive and negative effects it is necessary to define this term. Globalization can be described as â€Å"†¦a widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life, from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritual† (Kose, Prasad & Terrones 2003). Globalization has already become one of the major trends affecting all aspects of national and international business activity. A phenomenon which leads to and causes global unification of the world’s business, economic, and social orders, globalization presents a serious challenge to businesses. That the concept of globalization is new cannot be denied. The gap between globalization and nationalization of businesses continues to persist. Globalization does not erase but on the contrary sharpens the cultural and social distinctions across countries and businesses. These however are not the only challenges faced by businesses in a globalized world. The current state of science does not provide adequate information on what businesses really think of globalization and how they can deal with it. Professional opinions and beliefs vary across groups and countries. However, better knowledge of individual and business perceptions of globalization and its complexities can create a foundation for developing new business strategies. This is why this study is designed to shed light on business people’s perceptions of globalization complexities and their implications for business development. Research questions and objectives The main objective of the study is to highlight the main complexities unde rlying globalization and their implications for business. More specifically, the study explores the main business complexities of globalization from the viewpoint of business people. As a result, this study will help to identify the main challenges of globalization in business, assess business people’s views on these complexities, their effects on business, and create the basis for developing new business theories, strategies, and frameworks. The main research question is: what are some of the complexities the concept of globalization has brought to businesses and how can they be minimized? Sub-questions: Are business people aware of the effects globalization causes on business? What do business people in Nigeria think of globalization? What are the main complexities underlying globalization and its implication for businesses? What is the most serious globalization complexity affecting business? How to minimize it? Literature review Globalization is the phenomenon pervading a ll aspects of international business activity. According to Kose, Prasad & Terrones (2003), globalization is essentially about rising international trade and financial integration of all economic processes, which has gathered steam in the past years. Changes in transportation, elimination of geographic borders, and recent advances in technology and communication contribute to globalization in all aspects of individual and

Comparative Method in Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative Method in Political Science - Essay Example Cultural trends and ideologies differences have also been cited as determining factors behind the association between GDP and democratic processes. The differences between democratic processes and authoritarian systems may relate to the inherent factors of organization, heritage and nature. According to some theoretical perspectives, the level of political participation is regulated by n interplay between external and internal processes, which in turn affects the nature of politics as they occur in different places. Discourses of the public sphere have emerged to affect the manner in which politics differ from one place to another or from one country to another. Some of the propositions that have been put forward to explain the relationship between GDP and politics are consistent with the modernization theory. Generally, the level of growth of GDP is considered to be a significant indicator of the relationship that happens between one country and another. Political processes are necessarily linked to economic systems and the cultural life of a people. In democratic processes, the system of governance is usually based on the tastes and preferences of the people. The citizenry determine the manner in which they want to be governed. Usually, the nature of politics will ultimately determine the level of economic development of any given country. The political environment is one of the major factors that determine the kind of economic activities in the country. It might be argued that political processes are naturally related to some of the issues that affect development processes. Politics forms the superstructure on which the systems of development are necessarily determined. In line with this kind of thinking, it might be argued that democratic processes are more likely to supply appropriate synergies for development that autocratic regimes. Indeed, studies have indicated that countries that allow sufficient

European Recovery Program Essay Example for Free

European Recovery Program Essay His proposal would become known as the European Recovery Program, better known as the Marshall Plan. In his speech Marshall extended an offer to the Soviets. Certainly all of Europe was included in the proposal. Stalin was interested in the plan. Lenin had spoken of trade with the communist enemy when that enemy was in collapse. Stalin thought that if these were the correct circumstances then the Soviets could use the Marshall Plan as they wished. Such was not the case. American opposition to the Plan included such conservatives as Taft on the Right and Wallace on the Left. This opposition was much weakened by the seizing of the democratic government of Czechoslovakia in February 1948 (Kunz par. 20). Before that, in September, 1947, Andrei Zhdanov of the Politburo spoke before the Cominform for Eastern Europe to assert that the imperialists were trying to support fascist regimes (Zhdanov par. 2). He wanted the imperialist intrigues to be contained. George Kennan also wanted containment- of the communists and, if need be, of the Soviets. Kennan and William Clayton, both of the US State Department, had contributed greatly to the origination of the Marshall Plan. Kennan thought the world was becoming polarized into giant camps of freedom vs. everyone else. The Soviet Union as the centerpiece of concern would come later. Bernard Baruch, an American advisor, had introduced the term Cold War in April, 1947 (Cold War par. 1). Meanwhile, the communists of France and Italy were of immediate threat in Western Europe. These two nations were part of the fifteen nations that the Marshall Plan would aid. The others were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey (Marshall Plan par. 21). President Truman signed the Marshall Plan on April 3, 1948. The major items for the Europeans in 1948 were to be coal, steel, grains, and machinery (Judd par. 9). In the first year, food constituted half of all of the Marshall aid. Over the long haul, sixty percent was spend on food, fertilizer, and industrial goods. One sixth of the total was for fuel. Another one sixth was spent on machinery and vehicles. In sum, thirteen billion dollars of aid passed from the USA to Western Europe from 1948 to 1951 (DeLong and Eichengreen par. 3). The food, feed, and fertilizer consumed a little over three billion dollars of the total. Shortly after the Marshall Plan went into effect, Italys anti-communist and pro-Marshall Plan party won a majority. And then in France, after the communists won a plurality in 1945, they were on their way out in 1951 due to French economic prosperity. This prosperity in France and elsewhere was not of a minor magnitude. After 1948 Western Europe got its greatest economic growth ever recorded. The German part of the recovery became known as the wirtschaftwunder, or economic miracle (Kunz par. 3). Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, the Soviets were determined to see central planning become a reality. To that end, a forced industrialization was started which was to remove Eastern Europe from any influence by the Marshall Plan. Eastern European nations became satellites of the Soviets, as members of the Warsaw Pact, and got little civilian development in exchange for military support and control. The end products of manufacture and the harvests were directed to the Soviets. No financial or economic stability was developed by these countries. The Marshall Plan made the division of Europe definitive. The Plan seriously damaged the Western European communists’ efforts. Furthermore, the Marshall Plan has been termed inconceivable without the Cold War (Cronin 281). Soon enough, not only was the Marshall Plan in place to aid in the restoration of Western Europe, but it became a vital component in the Cold War. In the Cold War in Western Europe, Germany was a key country. It was to be split in two with the former Allies of WWII in Western Germany and the Soviets in Eastern Germany. But an odd development came about with Berlin, also spilt into east and west components, existing deep within Soviet controlled East Germany. This did not sit well with the Soviets and so they began a blockade of highways and roads into West Berlin in June, 1948.

Concepts in Nursing Research Methods

Concepts in Nursing Research Methods Critique criteria The criteria used for this critique were derived from relevant nursing literature (Feninstein Horwitz, 1997; Cormack, 2000; Khan et al, 2003). About a dozen criteria were specified: design, sample, inclusion/exclusion criteria, time frame of study, data collection, reliability validity, and data analysis. Study Design Catlette (2005) used a qualitative design. While this approach has its merits, principally a greater degree of realism and richer data, it has a number of significant drawbacks (Coolican, 1994). Observations are typically unreliable. In other words, if the same nurses were interviewed on several different occasions, about workplace violence, using the same open-ended interview protocol, their responses may vary somewhat. Various biases creep in, often caused by situational factors (e.g. open-ended questions, a very violent week followed by a particularly calm week), or personal considerations (e.g. memory deficits). Furthermore there is low internal validity. This means that it is difficult to establish with any certainty the relationship between variables, due to the lack of statistical analysis (which can estimate the probability that results occurred by chance). For example, Catlettes interview data suggests a link between workplace violence and feelings of vulnerability amongst n urses. However, the extent to which the former variable causes the latter cannot be reliably established in a qualitative study. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) enjoy the precision of a quantitative design. While internal validity is high, the level of realism is questionable. Participants were ‘forced’ to respond to predetermined questions (e.g. on physical assault) using a fixed response format (e.g. ‘Once’, ‘More than once’). Thus, the data obtained was heavily influenced by the kind of questions asked and the particular response format used. In the real world, health care staff may perceive the level of aggression in terms that don’t match the questionnaire format. For example, a nurse may perceive physical assaults as ‘sporadic’ or ‘once in a blue moon’. Since these categorisations weren’t available in the questionnaire, the study effectively lacks a certain degree of realism. In a qualitative desi gn, subjects describe the world as they see it, rather than via terms imposed by the researcher. Sample Ideally a sample should be randomly selected so that it is representative of the population from which it was drawn, in this case nurses or health care professionals. This allows findings from a single study to be generalised to the wider community. Catlette (2005) used a convenience sample, meaning it wasn’t representative of nurses in general. Granted there are considerable practical and logistic difficulties in trying to recruit a random sample of nurses. Their busy schedules and irregular shifts, for example, hamper proper scientific selection. It is also quite common for small convenience samples to be used in qualitative studies, since it is often impractical to conduct in-depth interviews with large groups. Nevertheless, Catlette’s findings, while relevant to the particular trauma centres involved, are unlikely to apply to nurses in general. This is a serious limitation, since Catlettes stated objectives suggest a general interest in the level of violence in hosp ital emergency departments, rather than the particular trauma units from which subjects were drawn. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) also appear to have a used a convenience sample: they simply invited health care staff working in a general hospital, and who had regular contact with patients, to participate. Although the target sample was quite large (a bigger sample improves representation), only a minority of staff actually completed and returned questionnaires. All in all, participants weren’t recruited randomly, therefore the findings cannot be generalised to the wider population of health care staff. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Both studies seemed to have clear inclusion/exclusion criteria. Catlette (2005) only recruited and interviewed nurses who were registered, worked in a level 1 trauma centre, and had experienced workplace violence. A clear definition of what constituted violence was developed, helping to minimise any ambiguities about eligibility. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) also specify inclusion criteria. Only health care staff that had regular and substantial contact with patients were invited to participate. What constituted ‘regular’ and ‘substantial’ contact was well defined (e.g. daily contact with patients). The advantage of having clear inclusion/exclusion criteria is that it helps the researcher recruit a homogenous sample. If the participants in a study are too diverse, this effectively introduces additional sources of error that may obscure interesting themes, or relationships between variables. Findings may be more difficult to interpret. However, a major d isadvantage of a homogenous sample is that it is invariably ‘ad-hoc’, that is special or unique, and hence unlikely to reflect the wider community. Nevertheless, it can be argued that sample homogeneity isn’t problematic if the wider community of interest exactly matches the inclusion/exclusion criteria. For example, Winstanley and Whittington’s (2004) study was about patient aggression towards health care staff. Thus, the population of interest was invariably going to be staff that had regular contact with patients. In this respect the sample selected corresponds with the population of interest. However, randomly selecting nurses from the designate population would have provided a representative sample that permits useful generalisations. Simply using volunteers, as Winstanley and Whittington did is unscientific. Time frame of study Winstanley and Whittington’s (2004) study was effectively a retrospective (i.e. cross-sectional) survey. This means that data was collected at one point in time, specifically an 8-week period. Retrospective designs are considered inferior to prospective (i.e. longitudinal) designs in which data is collected on two or more occasions, over several weeks, months, or even years (Coolican, 2004). This method allows tentative causal inferences to be made – if a variable measured at Time 1 predicts or correlates with a factor measured at Time 2, then there is a possibility that former variable affected the latter, but not vice versa. Retrospective designs don’t allow for such inferences. Any correlations between variables are just that – correlations! There is no sequence that may help delineate possible causality. For example, in their introduction and statements of study aims, Winstanley and Whittington imply that particular professions (e.g. nurses, doctors) a nd hospital departments (e.g. medical, A E) may elicit different levels of physical aggression experienced by staff. Thus, profession/department seemed to be conceptualised as causal factors. However, although data analysis revealed relationships between these factors and physical aggression, there is no provision in the retrospective design to infer causality, since all the variables are measured simultaneously. A prospective method in which profession/department predicts experiences of physical assault several weeks subsequently would be more conclusive. Catlette (2005) doesn’t explicitly state the time frame for her study, albeit interviews typically take several days, weeks, or perhaps months to complete. Notions of prospective and retrospective designs are typically associated with quantitative studies, and rarely applied to qualitative research. This is because qualitative studies are often exploratory, merely seeking to identify interesting phenomena rather than estab lish causal relationships between variables. Nevertheless, interviewing participants on two or more separate occasions can be used to demonstrate the robustness and reliability of any themes observed. For example, if the same themes emerge during interviews conducted at two different points in time, this would suggest that the themes are significant rather than fleeting. Data Collection Catlette (2005) appears to have used semi-structured interviews for data collection (Coolican, 1994). By asking every interviewee pre-set but open-ended questions in a particular sequence, she avoided the inconsistency and sloppiness often associated with wholly unstructured (i.e. casual) interviews. It is possible the interviews were informal but guided, meaning that pre-set questions were asked, albeit in no particular order. Either way, a guided or semi-structured interview suffers from certain constraints. Asking specific questions, albeit open-minded ones, restricts the interviewers flexibility to ask follow-up questions depending on the interviewees response. Interviews are also heavily affected by interpersonal factors, such as lack of rapport, physical attraction, and psychological manipulation. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) collected data via a questionnaire. This method has a number of limitations. One is the typically low response rate. Of 1141 questionnaires posted ou t to participants, only 375 (33%) were returned, denoting a considerable waste of resources. Often the questionnaires returned represent an unusually keen sub-sample that may differ in key respects from the original target group. This means that the researcher has to devote time and resources establishing what these differences are, and how they might affect the results. Furthermore, because the final sample is smaller, statistical power is reduced, increasing the possibility of a type II error. Another limitation of questionnaires is the use of restricted (or ‘forced choice’) response format. For example, subjects in Winstanley and Whittingtons’ (2004) study were forced to choose from three options – ‘none’, ‘one’ or ‘more than one’. Thus, there is no room for participants to qualify their answers, for example by pointing out memory lapses (e.g. ‘I can’t remember’), or indicating ambiguous experie nces (e.g. ‘not sure’). All in all, these restrictions reduce the realism and richness of data collected. Interviewing subjects on the same issues, but using open-ended questions, will probably yield slight different outcomes to those reported by Winstanley and Whittington (2004). Another limitation is that the bulk of questionnaire communication is written. There is no provision to measure visual cues and gestures, which typically account for much of human communication, or even auditory cues. For example, a frown or grunt, may signify a particularly traumatising experiencing, which simply can’t be detected from questionnaire responses. Finally, questionnaires are often completed in the absence of the researcher (e.g. postal questionnaire), making it difficult to supervise the proceedings, or verify whether the subject is the same person who completed the questionnaire. Overall, these constraints negate the conclusiveness of Winstanley and Whittington’s ( 2004) findings. Data Analysis In line with standard procedure in qualitative research Catlette (2005) performed thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns in the data. Meaningful information was extracted from the interview transcripts, after which themes were identified using a coding system. Although a highly useful procedure, Braun and Clarke (2006) note that thematic analysis has certain disadvantages. One is the possible overlap between themes. Catlette identifies two themes – vulnerability and inadequate safety measures. Categories, and subcategories reported suggest considerable overlap between these dimensions (e.g. the sentiment ‘feeling unsafe’ may depict both feelings of vulnerability and an unsafe environment). Another weakness is the high correspondence between the data collection questions (i.e. interview guide) and themes identified. In other words, the themes reported merely reflect the questions asked during the interview (e.g. questions on safety, such as â€Å"How do you feel about the safety of your workplace?† are bound to produce safety-related responses, and hence themes). This suggests very limited analytic work was done to identify themes independent of the interview format. Another shortcoming of thematic analysis is failure to incorporate alternative or contradictive data in the results reported. Catlette offers little if any account of oddities in the data that don’t necessarily fit the two emerging themes. For example, the interviews revealed that violence wasn’t a concern during interactions with co-workers. Clearly this revelation is incompatible with the notion of vulnerability and lack of safety in the workplace. Yet, little is made of this inconsistency, making Catlettes’ rather ‘tidy’ themes appear rather suspicious. Few data sets in qualitative research are completely harmonious with no contradictions, so a study that fails to report these oddities is highly questionable. Winstanley and Wh ittington (2004) employed an inferential statistical test to analysis their data, consistent with the quantitative design of their study. Chi-square was used to test for significant trends in the frequency of physical assaults as a function of different health care professionals (e.g. nurses and doctors) and hospital departments (e.g. medical, surgical, A E). Chi-square was appropriate given that the data was categorical (i.e. in the form of frequencies). However, as a non-parametric test, chi-square lacks sensitivity. This combined with the limitations of frequency data (e.g. it fails to account for subtle degrees of variation between individual subjects or groups; for example, asking nurses if they’ve experienced aggression ‘once’ or ‘more than once’ fails to take into account any differences in the intensity and duration of these aggressive episodes), increases the risk of wrongly accepting the null-hypothesis. Reliability Validity A major methodological concern in scientific research is reliability and validity. Reliability refers to the consistency of observations, while validity depicts the authenticity of observations. Both issues are particularly pertinent in qualitative studies, due to the lack of structure, precision, and quantification. Catlette (2005) appears to have taken steps to enhance reliability/validity. She kept a journal throughout the duration of the study, in order to identify any biases that may corrupt the data. Interviews were conducted using a standard protocol, then the data was transcribed verbatim, and analysed using regular procedures. However, these measures may be inadequate. Coolican (1994) identifies several procedures for ensuring good reliability, none of which appears to have been used by Catlette: triangulation, analysis of negative cases, repetition of research cycle, and participant consultation. Triangulation involves verifying emerging themes using another data collection method other than open-ended interviews. For example a questionnaire measure of perceived workplace violence and safety strategies could have been administered or close-ended interviews conducted. Data from these alternative methods could then be compared with the original observations to gauge the degree of consistency in emerging themes. Analysis of negative cases involves scrutinising cases that don’t fit the emerging themes. Repetition of research cycle entails repeatedly reviewing assumptions and inferences, to further verify emerging themes. Finally participant consultation involves communicating with participants to see if observations from the study match their own experiences. None of these measures seem to have been applied in Catlette’s study, raising serious concerns about the stability and authenticity of her observations. Winstanley and Whittington’s’ (2004) study doesn’t appear to have fared much better. Although the numerical preci sion inherent in quantitative designs offers some degree of reliability and validity, this is by no means guaranteed, and has to be demonstrated empirically. They fail to report any Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficients for the questionnaire used. Thus, it is unclear if the items in this instrument were internally consistent. Test-retest reliability wasn’t reported either, again raising questions about the consistency of participants responses over time. A badly designed questionnaire (e.g. one with ambiguous statements, or grammatical errors) could easily confuse participants, leading to irregularities in their responses over time. No information on validity is provided either. Normally, validity could be demonstrated by correlating data from the questionnaire with data from another measure of experiences of aggression (a high correlation would indicate good validity), submitting the questionnaire to a team of judges to ascertain if the content addresses all forms of human aggression (e.g. indirect forms of aggression, such as spreading rumours or social exclusion don’t appear to have been assessed), and even performing factor analysis to establish construct validity (i.e. verify the dimensions of aggression assumed to be measured by items in the questionnaire). These inadequacies render the findings from Winstanley and Whittington’s (2004) study inconclusive. For example, the claim that aggression is â€Å"widespread† is questionable because not all forms of aggression were measured. Overall, both studies are fairly categorical in their conclusions. Winstanley and Whittington (2004) surmise that their data demonstrates the significant levels of aggression to which hospital staff are exposed. Catlette (2005) reaches a similar conclusion, emphasising the vulnerability and lack of safety perceived by nurses. However, both studies suffer from various analytic and methodological constraints. Perhaps the most serious of these is the apparent absence of reliability and validity measures that may reveal any volatility or misrepresentations in the data. These limitations mean that any conclusions have to be regarded as tentative, subject to further research. Bibliography Braun, V. Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative  Research in Psychology, 3, pp.77-101. Catlette, M. (2005) A descriptive study of the perceptions of workplace violence and  safety strategies of nurses working in Level I trauma centres. Journal of  Emergency Nursing, 31, 519-525. Coolican, H. (1994) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, London, Hodder   Stoughton. Cormack, D. (2000) The Research Process in Nursing: Fourth Edition. London:  Blackwell Science. Eastabrooks, C.A. (1998) Will evidence-based nursing practice make practice perfect.  Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 30, pp.15-36. Feninstein, A. R., Horwitz, R. I. (1997) Problems in the evidence of evidence-based medicine. American Journal of Medicine 103, 529-535. Khan, K., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J. Antes, G. (2003) Systematic Reviews to Support  Evidence-based Medicine: How to Review and Apply Findings of Healthcare  Research. Oxford: Royal Society of Medicine Press. Winstanley, S. Whittington, R. (2004) Aggression towards health care staff in a UK  general hospital: variation among professions and departments. Journal of  Clinical Nursing, 13, pp.3-10.

Status of India’s Expatriate Worker in Iraq

Status of India’s Expatriate Worker in Iraq International labour markets are an important part of the process of globalization and economic interdependence across countries and regions. This is essential to develop evidence-based policies. International migrations act as a basic device of economic building for both exporting country as well as importing country.They provide remittances for migrant sending countries which help its economy. On the other hand it’s also important for the development of migrant receiving counties. India has one of the worlds most diverse and complex migration histories. Indian Migration to different part of the world is not new phenomenon. After India’s independence the main destination of Indian workers was especially English speaking countries like US, UK, Canada, Australia and other developed countries. But oil boom in the gulf region in 1973 and with the beginning of development programmes in these countries[1]. The nature of Indian migration totally changed. This process resulted in a massive emigration of workers from India to gulf countries. During the respective period, there was concern that India was losing its educated workforce to the Western countries. Migration of Indian manpower to gulf region offers an opportunity for providing fruitful employment to Indian unemployed persons[2]. Before 1970, there were only 3,000 Indian merchant families in Dubai which was the major trade centre in the region[3]. On the one hand, India’s migration to gulf countries is important key factor for development of gulf countries as well as other West Asian countries. On the other hand, by and large they earned good name for themselves and for India by their hard work, skill and competence. At the end of First World War, what is now Iraq was awarded to Britain as mandatory territory by League of Nations. The British administrator thereupon started taking Indians to this country to build up its railway and ports, established its post and telegraph departments, its inland water transport system and various public utilities. Some India as began to man minor posts in Iraq as clerks, technician and accountant, both public as well as private organisations. But prior to 1973 Iraq and Oman were net exporters of manpower countries. Thereafter, both became the major labor importing countries. The Composition of India’s migration to west Asian countries changed because of significant oil price hike in 1973 and consequent earning of large revenue accelerated of social changes in Iraq as well as other West Asian countries[4]. Subsequently, Iraq began an ambitious programme of modernisation. This was characterised by massive investment in economic and social infrastructure and necessitated the service of large number of foreign workers. Migrant workers were required not only in construction projects. But also to work in industry, trade and service sectors. Indian companies were successful in winning a number of civil construction contracts. This trend of awarding major projects to Indian companies continued through the 1980s in spite of the Iran-Iraq war. Thousands of worker arrived in Iraq for the execution of those projects. Due to the further oil price hike in 1979 government revenue rose sharply in the course of a single year. As a result, the Gulf States launched more ambitious development plans, lavish projects, and even more generous social welfare programs. These initiatives caused a surge in demand for an additional 700,000 migrant workers in Saudi Arabia and the other GCC countries in 1980. The number of migrant workers in Iraq also increased to about 750,000.The number of Indian workers alone exceeded 500,000 by 1980. Whereas numbers of Indian expatriate workers in Iraq peaked to nearly 80,000 by the late 1980’s. Apart from the increasing number of workers, two other trends emerged during this period. First, the share of Arab migrant workers declined from about 43% in 1975 to about 37% in 1980. This was primarily due to the inflow of Indians, Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, and other Asian workers to the region. This was perhaps the result of the policies of the Gulf countries that favoured South Asian workers. Second, the demand for unskilled labor slowed as major infrastructure projects were completed, while the demand for skilled wo rkers increased. After that Indian’s migration to Iraq as well as other gulf countries decline sharply during 1980s due to decline in oil prices in late 1982, contraction of oil revenues, some development projects slowed and demand for foreign workers slackened. However, the preference for skilled workers continued[5]. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-88) and the 1991 Iraq War helped to attract migrants to this country. But gulf war 1991 and UN sanction on Iraq disturbed India’s migration to Iraq. After that Indian migration to Iraq sharply declined. Large amount of the migrants have come back and settled down in their native places seeking self employment. Consequently, it was the Gulf war of 1990-91 that had woken up the Indian policy makers about the vulnerability of its workers in the Gulf, and the importance of their remittances to the economy. The increase in petroleum prices, associated with fall in remittances of Indian workers in Kuwait and Iraq and the added expenditure of airlifting Indian citizens from the Gulf. Indian unskilled and semi skilled migrant move to other gulf countries i.e. Saudi Arabia, UAE etc. Provided further impetus to the Indian economy to precipitate the reforms that started in early 1990s. However, with change in the paradigm of migration, it was the perception of hig h-skill emigration to industrial countries which had changed much more drastically than that on labour migration to the Gulf countries[6].This migration lightly revived with oil for food programme. But just after couple of years this continuously declined tremendously up to end of the saddam hussain regime. The Indian Diaspora in Iraq as well as other gulf countries consists of entirely of ‘Non resident Indian citizen (NRIs). The details of India’s migration to Iraq are provided in the following table. Table 4.8: Estimates of India’s migration to Iraq Year India’s Migration to Iraq India’s Total Migration to Gulf Countries Percentage share of India’s migration to Iraq in India’s total migration to gulf countries 1975 7,500 266,255 2.82 1979 20,000 501,000 3.99 1981 25,000 554,500 4.51 1983 50,000 916,000 5.46 1987 35,000 1,096,000 3.19 1991 26 1,505,000 0.002 1999 N.A 3,000,000 .. 2001 50 2,326,680 0.002 Source: 1.Deepak Nayyar, international labour migration from India: A macro economic Analysis, Working paper No. 3, Asian Regional programme on international labour migration, UN development Programme, New Delhi, 1988, p14. 2. Report of high level committee of the India diaspora, Government of India 3. Distribution of Annual Labor Outflows from India by Destination, 1990-1994. Asian Migration Atlas. http://smc.org.ph/ama/ama-archive.php?id=IN. Figure 4.5: Estimates of India’s migration to Iraq Source: Table 4.8 Table 4.8 provides data about India’s migration to Iraq during Saddam Hussein’s period. Where it’s found that the size of India’s migration to Iraq constitutes 7500 in 1975. This size of migration continuously increased tremendously at peak level to 35,000 in 1987 but suddenly declined to 26 in 1991. After that India’s migration to Iraq were disturbed beyond saddam hussain period due to first gulf war, sanctions on Iraq and other political climate. This implies that prior to 1987 Iraq was healthier source for India’s labour migration. But India’s labour migration to Iraq continuously declined to 50 in 2001 due to political and economical instability in Iraq by gulf war. Looking at the percent share of India’s migration to Iraq in India’s total migration to the gulf, it is found that Percentage share of India’s migration to Iraq in India’s total migration to gulf countries constituted 2.82 percent in 1975. Th is share continuously increased to 3.99 percent in 1987. This corresponding year Iraq became second largest country after Saudi Arabia for Indian migrant workers in the gulf region. But Share of Indian migrants in Iraq declined sharply during gulf war 1991. Mostly Indian people return to home caused by feeling insecurity in Iraq. Thus Indian migration to Iraq declined massively during above period. Annual Labour Migration from India to Iraq: The volume of Indian migrant population in Iraq is much larger than the volume of migrant workers. The data on the destination of this outflow by country of destination is given in the table 4.9. This table gives comprehensive Trends of labour out-flow from India to Iraq from 1982 to the 1990. Table No. 4.9: Annual labour Migration from India to Iraq Year Annual Labour Migration from India to Iraq Annual Labour Migration from India to west Asia % of Annual Labour Migration from India to west Asia 1982 35268 239555 14.72 1983 13001 224995 5.78 1984 11398 205922 5.54 1985 5855 163035 3.59 1986 5040 113649 4.43 1987 2330 125356 1.86 1988 4284 169888 2.52 1989 5085 125786 4.04 1990 1650 143565 1.15 Source: Rahman, Anisur. Indian manpower to the Gulf: strategic and economic dimention. In West Asia and the Region: Defining Indias Role, by Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar, p22. New Delhi: Acadmic Foundation, 2008. Fig No. 4.5: Annual labour Migration from India to Iraq Source: Table No. 4.9 It is clear from above data that labour migration from India to Iraq continuously grew with beginning from 35268 in 1982 to 2330 in 1987. The Size of labour migration slightly improved to 4284 in 1988 and 5085. Finally this migration declined to 1650 in 1990. There after Indian labour migration almost closed in remaining period of saddam hussain because of gulf war and shocking political climate in Iraq. Table 4.9 also found that Percentage shared annual labour migration from India to Iraq in India’s total annual labour migration from India to West Asian countries continuously declined from 14.72 Percent in1982 to 1.15 percent in 1990 except 1986, 1988 and 1989 at 4.43 percent, 2.52 percent and 4.04 percent respectively. We can now summarise by saying that this chapter an attempt was made to throw light on the actual status and it does just describe what gone of India’s economic cooperation with Iraq through comprehensive study about trends, pattern and commodity composition of Indo-Iraq trade during Saddam Era. Where, it was revealed that trend of trade relations between India and Iraq during Saddam regime grew up and down dramatically due to Iran-Iraq war and two gulf wars in 1991 and 2003. However, India and Iraq are long standing economic partners, with significant mutual trade in the pre-war period. The comprehensive study of this chapter to found that compound annual growth of Indo-Iraq trade, India’s total trade and Iraqi total trade has been found as 14.56 % percent, 8.05 % percent and -4.62 percent, respectively over the period. This implies that Indo-Iraq trade was the worse in performance as compared to India’s total trade and Iraq total trade during Saddam Hussainâ⠂¬â„¢s Period. Thus it can be concluded that Indo-Iraq trade suffered serious setback. Indo-Iraq trade reduced more speedily than Iraq’s total trade. Whereas, India’s total trade increased tremendously during saddam era. The analysis further found that India’s trade with Iraq has been tremendously unbalanced due to Over Representation of India’s imports from Iraq. It is also found that, India’s migration to Iraq was significant before gulf war 1991. After that Indian migration to Iraq sharply declined up to the end of saddam regime. [1] . Rahman, Anisur. Indian Labour Migration to the Gulf. New Delhi: Rajat Publication, 2001. [2] . Rahman, Anisur. Indian manpower to the Gulf: strategic and economic dimention. In West Asia and the Region: Defining Indias Role, by Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar, p203. New Delhi: Acadmic Foundation, 2008. [3] . Rahman, Anisur. Indian manpower to the Gulf: strategic and economic dimention. In West Asia and the Region: Defining Indias Role, by Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar, p16. New Delhi: Acadmic Foundation, 2008. [4] . Prakash, B.A. indian migration to west asia. In The Indian Economy Since 1991: Economic Reforms and Performance, by B.A Prakash, p85. Delhi: Dorling Kindersley, 2009. [5] . Contries ofthe gulf region. Report of high level committee of the India diaspora, Government of India, 2002. [6] . Khadria, Binod. India: Skilled Migration To Developed Countries, Labour Migration To The Gulf. (D. Reidel Publishing) March 2006: p156. Or https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop /2003/03-20.pdf (accessed August 2013, 20).

Religious Themes in Roman Polanskis A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby :: Movie, Film

Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby Roman Polanski incorporated religious themes into his films, â€Å"A Knife In The Water† (Poland 1962) and â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† (U.S. 1968). â€Å" A Knife In The Water† contains some Christian imagery that is not incorporated into the plot or theme of the film. In contrast, the central theme of â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is religion. I believe this difference illustrates the fact that Polanski desired to make a radical religious film but was unable to do so until he came to The United States. â€Å"A Knife In The Water† is a film about money and power. A wealthy couple picks up a young hitchhiker and invites him to spend the day with them on their yacht. Through out the day the older man, Andre, and the boy struggle for power. The struggle ends with Andre thinking he has killed the boy, and the boy sleeping with Andre’s wife. (Polanski 1962) Christian imagery, and illusions to Biblical mythology, are subtly woven into this film. The boy is portrayed as somewhat of a Christ figure. At one point he is seen lying on the deck of the yacht in a crucifix position with the sun forming a halo around his head. He hangs off the boat while it is moving and attempts to walk on the water. The boy has wounds on his hands from holding the hot saucepan. Like Christ the boy wanders from place to place on foot. The most obvious comparison Polanski makes between the boy and Christ is that the boy is presumed to be dead after Andre plunges him into the water. He then â€Å"rises from the dead† after Andre swims ashore to contact the authorities. (Butler 39) â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is very different from Polanski’s first film. This film is about an expectant mother whose husband allows her to become impregnated by the devil in exchange for success in his acting career. When Rosemary begins to catch on to the fact that her husband and neighbors are witches and worshipers of the devil she becomes afraid for her baby. She suspects that they are going to take her baby from her and use it in a satanic ritual. Both Rosemary and the viewer are shocked to discover that the coven of witches doesn’t plan to give her baby to Satan. Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby :: Movie, Film Religious Themes in Roman Polanski's A Knife In The Water and Rosemary’s Baby Roman Polanski incorporated religious themes into his films, â€Å"A Knife In The Water† (Poland 1962) and â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† (U.S. 1968). â€Å" A Knife In The Water† contains some Christian imagery that is not incorporated into the plot or theme of the film. In contrast, the central theme of â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is religion. I believe this difference illustrates the fact that Polanski desired to make a radical religious film but was unable to do so until he came to The United States. â€Å"A Knife In The Water† is a film about money and power. A wealthy couple picks up a young hitchhiker and invites him to spend the day with them on their yacht. Through out the day the older man, Andre, and the boy struggle for power. The struggle ends with Andre thinking he has killed the boy, and the boy sleeping with Andre’s wife. (Polanski 1962) Christian imagery, and illusions to Biblical mythology, are subtly woven into this film. The boy is portrayed as somewhat of a Christ figure. At one point he is seen lying on the deck of the yacht in a crucifix position with the sun forming a halo around his head. He hangs off the boat while it is moving and attempts to walk on the water. The boy has wounds on his hands from holding the hot saucepan. Like Christ the boy wanders from place to place on foot. The most obvious comparison Polanski makes between the boy and Christ is that the boy is presumed to be dead after Andre plunges him into the water. He then â€Å"rises from the dead† after Andre swims ashore to contact the authorities. (Butler 39) â€Å"Rosemary’s Baby† is very different from Polanski’s first film. This film is about an expectant mother whose husband allows her to become impregnated by the devil in exchange for success in his acting career. When Rosemary begins to catch on to the fact that her husband and neighbors are witches and worshipers of the devil she becomes afraid for her baby. She suspects that they are going to take her baby from her and use it in a satanic ritual. Both Rosemary and the viewer are shocked to discover that the coven of witches doesn’t plan to give her baby to Satan.

History of Slavery in the Caribbean Essay -- Caribbean Historical Essa

History of Slavery in the Caribbean The institution of slavery has played a major role in the history, and the shaping of the Caribbean. Therefore, in order to truly understand the Caribbean one must completely understand slavery itself. Slavery can be defined as belonging to a person, or being treated like a piece of property, and not having any individual freedom This was essentially the life many Africans lived for many centuries in the Caribbean . The master’s had total freedom and control over his or her slaves. As a result of this behavior they were able to run successful sugar plantations that resembled modern day factories. Until the end of the 18th century many sugar estates used the "gang" system. The owner treated hundreds of slaves as units of production. Many plantation owners had a very profitable and prosperous business, but it was expense of human lives. Slaves working in the sugar cane fields always faced the most brutal treatment. Due to the nature of cane farming, a lot of heaving lifting and back breaking cutting was necessary for many hours out of the da...

Juvenile Delinquent

Juvenile Delinquent Renee Washington American Intercontinental University ? Abstract This report is in regards to our young people today that need to be helped to a point that they have meaning in their lives. There are ways that can be presented to insure that young offenders can work through the pain, and rage surrounding their emotions which causes negative behavior. Healing programs have been a recommendation thru the court systems to analyze juvenile delinquency, and find the factors that lead to meaningful resolutions. ? IntroductionMany of our young people have lost their way in this land of democracy. Why are the statistics so high regarding juvenile delinquency, and a young male, or female appears in our courts every single day before a judge for crimes committed against other people, someone’s property, or belongings that have been vandalized. Where are the families to these lost children? What causes them to erupt into crimes of violence, and mayhem? Something has t o be done to help juvenile delinquents reflect on their lives, and the criminal offenses they commit.Illustrate Offenses The attitude that leads young people toward a cycle of negative behavior comes from deep rooted emotional rage, and pain which causes them to retaliate by committing offenses to others through stealing, vandalizing property, and sometimes violence against other people physically. The courts have begun to intervene on behalf of the juvenile delinquents by recommending healing programs that have been put in place to analyze juvenile delinquency, and find the factors that will lead to a resolution.Tell Causes The individual history of being betrayed by someone they trusted who cared for them as a young child. They were often neglected, abused, and victimized by a parent, or caregiver. A large number of family factors are associated with juvenile delinquency. Although it doesn’t excuse the offender’s behavior it does help to explain why so many young boy s, and girls naturally vulnerable, and instinctively trusting become victims at the hands of his, or her own parent, and their whole life begins to unravel.Without positive intervention the child is at risk of violating the law at an early age, and charged as a juvenile delinquent. Consequences/Outcome A parent that has been abused or rejected will eventually lead to emotional wounds within the souls of their children. These wounds can be painful, and traumatic to the child because of where they originated from a family member, or loved ones. Without getting the specified, and intentional healing the infection from the wounds will manifest into bitterness, rage, and pain which will lead toward delinquent patterns.Conclusion Juvenile delinquency is one of the major problems being recognized and dealt with regarding the youth in today’s society. In â€Å"An Update on the Cycle of Violence†, by Cathy S. Widom, and Michael G Maxfield, (2001), stated that children being vic tims of abuse, and neglect in all likelihood will be arrested as juveniles if a positive intervention of hope doesn’t present itself in their lost lives.The Bethesda Family Services Foundation provides the type of programming needed for the juvenile delinquent, and his, or her family to start having hope toward healing. ? References Herbst, Dominic P. Helping Juveniles Reflect On Their Lives and Criminal Offenses. Corrections Today, Jun2005, Vol. 67 Issue 3, p22-25, 3p Retrieved October 30, 2012 From MasterFILE Premier Widom, Cathy S. ; Maxfield, Michael G, An Update on the Cycle of Violence Research Brief

Navistar Supply Management Essay

Executive Summary Navistar was a worldwide leader in the manufacturing medium and heavy trucks for 17 consecutive years in the North America market. Navistar’s premium conventional trucks were produced at the Chatham assembly plant, which had almost 14 years experience in producing Navistar’s premium line since 1983. Navistar had forecasted increased industry demand for heavy and medium trucks in 1998. Especially, the Chatham assembly plant’s customers had strict requirements to the truck’s quality and delivery date. As the assembly supervisor in Chatham, Andy Ramsz encountered the interior trim quality and delivery problem for the truck. Andy had begun to gather data on the interior trim supply problem and he got the crucial reasons for these problems occurred. These reasons absolutely affected the Navistar’s internal supply process, increased the extra cost as well as reduced the efficiency of the supply management. According to the reasons identified for the trim supply problem, my decision is to set up the improved procedure focused on problems identified and take plans to enhance efficiency and productiveness of trim supply chain so as to relieve the difficulty of shortage problem and meet customers’ requirement accurately. Issue Identification Navistar provides premium trucks that ranged in design from no frill models to highly customized units. Customers are able to select from customized units which represented 50-80 percent of production volumes. These customized units contained various options that formed kits that included anywhere from 18-26 individual trim pieces. Andy Ramsz, the Assembly Supervisor at Navistar’s Chatham facility has been experiencing an issue with interior trim shortages for Navistar’s premium conventional trucks. The shortage of parts and non compliance with delivery schedules did not allow plant assemblers to complete the interior of a truck. The delay in completing the truck affected the bottom line as the interruption in waiting for replacement parts caused additional time and money. Environmental Issue Navistar considered quality and on-time delivery as a priority that came before costs; therefore, various improvement initiatives to quality programs were supported by top management as well as initiatives to improve processes and on-time delivery. Andy is an Assembly Supervisor but had very broad job responsibilities. Andy’s time was taken up in areas such as supplier quality evaluations, internal process documentation, process improvement, and much more. His focus was very widespread and his day was drawn away from scheduled and unscheduled meetings; this position required long hours and weekend work. In addition to the quality issues, truck interior trim shortages was another challenge which resulted in reordering of trim parts leading to additional material handling, and post- assembly installation. These delayed parts required overtime that increased cost and delayed delivery of the finished truck to the customer. Issues came from both Navistar and their supplier Trimco. Navistar had design changes such as different sizes, repositioning of mechanisms and other various designer and material changes; however, these changes to the truck interiors were not communicated to Trimco before production runs were completed. As a result, parts were shipped with different specifications than those needed for proper fit during assembly. Due to the lack of coordination and communication, this caused hurdles to Navistar and Trimco’s just in time system where lead and delivery times were compressed. As a key supplier for Navistar, Trimco provided 420,000 parts annually to Navistar. Unfortunately, of these parts, approximately 3,100 were defective, missing or inappropriate for use. These 3100 parts were another financial burden and jeopardized customer service. Due to the lack of centralisation and limited computer systems capability, Trimco had difficulty monitoring outgoing parts for shipments sent to Navistar; inappropriate component of trim parts or insufficient quantities of the correct parts were supplied. Andy estimated that costs associated with the interior trim shortages were over $200,000 per year. The company was not being run efficiently and quality control was hindering the performance for Navistar. Furthermore, Trimco was QS9000 certified, but the quality control procedures varied throughout as the company lacked consistency. To make matters worse, Trimco also had high employee turnover which meant that employees were not  all properly trained and failed to understand the knowledge and specifications of customer requirements. Alternatives Alternative 1 Research and Source another reputable supplier to manufacture 30% of the customized trim parts – To improve financial situation and alleviate the shortage issue, Navistar can source out a portion of their customized parts to another supplier while maintaining the other 70% to Trimco. The new supplier will adhere to the specifications of Navistar’s customization requirements by going through training programs. Pros: Meet on-time delivery and reduce the number of shortages Creates more inventory and safety stock Could be less risky for Navistar as they don’t have all their eggs in one basket Another supplier puts pressure on Trimco as they could possibly lose more business, so they would hopefully improve their shortage issue Cons: High cost to source, train and implement quality processes with new supplier Separating parts can confuse Accounts Payable and payment, additional paperwork Purchasing power can decrease if inventory is split between multiple vendors No guarantee that delivery and quality will immediately fit to conformity Alternative 2 Navistar will work with Trimco to develop cross-organizational teams and partnerships to re-examine programs for product quality, training, processes and logistics. Exchanging information with Trimco and having open and effective communication to work on areas of concern externally and internally will help improve operations and business for the plant, Navistar and Trimco. Pros: Working with one another by sharing my resources will help both companies ind solutions and work more efficiently By collaborating ideas and using cross-organizational teams, companies can increase efficiencies and reduce costs Creates a strong and long relationship Potential to improve lead times Cons: High cost implementing and initiating programs Takes a long time to make changes Potential for lots of changes leading to possibility of turnover if employees do not like changes If not properly executed, could be confusing to employees Alternative 3 Decrease the customer’s design options. Decreasing design options and providing standard packages will reduce the numerous trim parts for production; this can possibly increase the appropriate shortage and delivery issue. Navistar provided customized units to satisfy different customers’ requirements; customers should change the design before the production runs, which often resulted in the failure of communication to the supplier for the change, and inappropriate trim provided, or delivery delay. Pros: Standardize the â€Å"kits† form for the interior trim to increase the appropriate delivery and installation procedure. More efficient to organize production and procure trim parts. Convenient for supplier to produce trim parts and arrange the stock and inventory. Cons: Navistar may lose the market shares without the specific feature and attracting styling. Recommendation Alternative 2 – Navistar will work with Trimco to develop cross-organizational teams and partnerships to re-examine programs for product quality, training, processes and logistics. Working together with Trimco and reviewing internal processes will help Navistar rectify the trim shortage issue. Even though both companies have quality management systems and programs, a revised quality program should be cooperatively put together to increase efficiency. A Quality Representative from each organization should be placed in the other company to check on conformity, quality and completion of kits. With the help of Trimco, Navistar can create a workbook for inspection procedures for incoming kits and Trimco will have a procedure to follow for kits going outbound. The inspection will have a review checklist that examines the kits as they come in/out; if there are missing parts, they should be documented immediately. Incoming shipments with part shortages that are taken from another kit will be required to be documented and ordered. Trimco will also upgrade their computer system and enhance the centralization to monitor outgoing parts. Trimco had difficulty responding to Navistar’s design changes. Navistar will need to implement a new process to allow increase in lead time for new design changes and communicate changes to the Trimco’s design and manufacturing department. Once Navistar receives confirmation from Trimco they can expect to receive the correct trims with the correct design changes. There has been high turnover at Trimco and training employees has not been up to par. Trimco will need to work with Navistar to create a program for product quality and control than develop a manual for process and development. It will be beneficial for Navistar to help Trimco with a program and manual as this will help hold their employees to compliance standards. The manual will be a reference and include quality planning activities and controls that document the manufacture of Navistar products. Navistar has internal challenges that can be changed to help with the quality and logistics. Andy was given too many responsibilities and his focus was widespread, some of his responsibilities should be the responsibility of managers. Creating some time for Andy will allow him to focus on his core responsibilities and look to programs on continuous improvement. Allowing Andy to have free time will help as he should figure out that providing a  forecast to Trimco will more preparation for parts. The plant at Chatham should try and lean out duplicate processes and perhaps change the order in which the trim assembly took place. The trim was placed into the cab than the cab placed onto the chassis. The cab isn’t dependent on whether the trim assembly is in place; therefore, if trims were added further down the line it would provide more lead time for orders. Implementation Plan Navistar will need to assess internal process and to work with Trimco’s manufacturing department to improve their quality control and process. 1-4 Months: Navistar and Trimco will need to select a Quality Representative and train them on the requirements and specifications for the customized products. Quality representatives and the Manager of Manufacturing at Trimco will help develop a training process and combine that knowledge into Training Manuals to help train current and future Trimco employees. Navistar will provide forecasting tools and reports and review with Trimco to determine mutual understanding of the documents. Trimco will upgrade their computer systems so that monitoring of outgoing parts will be more accurate. 5-6 Months – Quality and consistency will be rigorously inspected and tested to ensure that they meet the quality standards. Navistar will set up KPI to the supplier to determine quality and performance and will be audited. Trimco will have the forecast so they should have safety stock based on the Navistar’s forecast Monitor and Control Navistar will need to examine the success of the implementation process; the training of staff, and shortages of trim parts will be assessed. The staff should be tested during the first month to see that they are comfortable and understand all the requirements for Navistar. Also, monitoring the Tricmo to see if they are using the forecast to meet production levels should be assessed monthly. Navistar will need to set KPIs and notified when quotas aren’t being met as this could be an indication of inefficiency. Areas in operations such as production level, turnaround time, disruptions, and flexibility for change would be taken as key performance measurements. Audit KPI Monthly Notes – Issues *Shortage of trim parts to Navistar Notes – Environmental Interior cut back Quality and Delivery Problem * Missing or Inappropriate trim parts. This resulted in: * Reordering of parts * Additional Material Handling * Post aggregation Installation that needed overtime ($42 per hour) * Eventually decease to a delay in delivery * Typical truck contains 18-26 individualist trims costing $630-$770 * Andy estimated that trim part shortages cost the company $200,000 annually *Slowing down the line due to reordering of parts, extra time and money in material handling, post assembly installation and HR management Trimco Industries * Supplied over 450 parts in 5 different colours and 3 different trim levels * Trimco sent about 420,000 units a course of which about 3100 were defective (0. Some processes within their facility were passing automated while some were manual * Used Quality visit Techniques Statistical Process Control (SPC), Manual Inspection and heel over Production. * Due to lack of centralisation and limited computer governance capability * Difficulty in Monitoring Outgoing Parts * Sent shipments with contradictory parts or incorrect quantities * High Attrition rate leading to employees with poor level of training, hence some employees were insensible of customer requirements * The company had difficulty responding to certain design changes. * At times these design changes were not sent by Navistar forward production runs and hence parts Notes – Alternatives 1 – Source another vendor 30% of trim parts Pros: Meet on-time delivery and reduce the number of shortages Creates more inventory and safety stock Could be less risky for Navistar as they don’t have all their eggs in one basket Another supplier puts pressure on Trimco as they could possibly lose more business, so they would hopefully improve their shortage issue Cons: High cost to source, train and implement quality processes with new supplier Separating parts can confuse Accounts Payable and payment, additional paperwork Purchasing power can decrease if inventory is split between multiple vendors No guarantee that delivery and quality will immediately fit to conformity 2 – Collaborate with Trimco for improvement Pros: Working with one another by sharing my resources will help both companies find solutions and work more efficiently By collaborating ideas and using cross-organizational teams, companies can increase efficiencies and reduce costs Creates a strong and long relationship Cons: High cost implementing and initiating programs Takes a long time to make changes Potential for lots of changes leading to possibility of turnover if employees do not like changes If not properly executed, could be confusing to employees 3 – decrease customization option Pros: Standardize the â€Å"kits† form for the interior trim to increase the appropriate delivery and installation procedure. More efficient to organize production and procure trim parts. Convenient for supplier to produce trim parts and arrange the stock and inventory. Cons: Navistar may lose the market shares without the specific feature and attracting styling. Notes – Recommendation *Monitor supplier performance *How to get the QA dept’s aligned between the companies? 1. Navistar – supply chain division restructuring on a strategic level b. Andy’s responsibilities to be shared between new subdivisions/departments taking away some of his current functions (e.g. internal documentation and material management) c. Logistics audit/review to be implemented by external company to set new procedures particularly for parts flow 2. Chatham plant – reorganization of assembly a. To review assembly process and redesign production steps for smooth and consistent move of the truck to decrease customization level and shorten production lead time b. Interior trim process flow – reduce/eliminate NVA steps through c. Increase communication efficiency with Trimco to send proper and in time data for last minute changes/redesign 3. Trimco – tighter collaboration to help them produce quality a. Involve Trimco in logistics audit c. Eliminate double processes taking place both in Chatham plant and Trimco warehouse (e.g. trim kit assembly) Notes – Implementation Navistar implementation: Action Item | Type | Term | Responsible | Duration | Status | Prepare the forecast for the trim part by month | Tactical | Short | Dealer & marketing department & procurement department | 3 month | Not started | Take the liability for the safety stock with supplier | Tactical | Short Long | Procurement department | 3 months – 6 months | Not started | Set up KPI to the supplier for the performance audit | Tactical | Short & Long | Procurement Department & production Department | 1 month | Not started | Trimco implementation: Action Item | Type | Term | Responsible | Duration | Status | Upgrade computer system and enhance the centralization | Tactical & Strategic | Long and short | IT department | 6 months or more | Not started | Arrange the appropriate training to the employee | Tactical | Long and Short | Top management & HR department & production department | 3 month | Not started | Have the safety stock based on the Navistar’s forecast | Tactical | Short & Middle | Production department | 3 months | Not started | Set up the quality traceability regulation for the quality control | Tactical | short | Production department & QC department | 1 month | Not started | Notes – Monitor and Control Element | Evaluation | # | Description | Measure | Success | Failure | 1. | Recommend best- selling configuration | Got the selling data | Accurate and detailed | Inaccurate and non-detailed | 2. | Forecast form and accuracy | accuracy | Accuracy >=80% | Accuracy =85% | Accuracy =85% | Accuracy